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3GPP continued to evolve 5G-Advanced in Release 19, enhancing a range of business-driven features and introducing a series of innovations, further strengthening 5G capabilities. Through forward-looking research on channel modeling, it serves as a bridge to 6G.     1. MIMO, a cornerstone of 5G technology, was introduced in Release 19 with the fifth stage of its evolution, designed to improve beam management accuracy and efficiency. Release 19 supports user equipment-initiated beam reporting, allowing user equipment to trigger reports without relying on base station (gNB) requests. Another key enhancement in Release 19 is the expansion of the number of CSI reporting ports from 32 to 128, enabling better support for larger antenna arrays. This is crucial for scaling MIMO systems in high-capacity scenarios. Coherent joint transmission capabilities have been enhanced to address challenges in non-ideal synchronization and backhaul scenarios (such as inter-site coherent joint transmission). Release 19 also introduced new measurement and reporting mechanisms to address time misalignment and frequency/phase offset between Transmitter Relays (TRPs). To further improve uplink throughput, Release 19 enhances the non-coherent uplink codebook for UEs equipped with three transmit antennas. Furthermore, asymmetric configurations are supported, where a UE receives downlink transmissions from a macro base station while simultaneously sending data to multiple micro TRPs in the uplink. These configurations include enhanced power control mechanisms and path loss adjustments to optimize performance in heterogeneous network environments.   2. Mobility management is another key focus in Release 19. Specifically, extended LTM, originally introduced in Release 18 for intra-CU (Central Unit) mobility, expands support for inter-CU mobility, enabling smoother transitions between cells associated with different CUs. To further optimize mobility, Release 19 introduces conditional LTM, combining the advantages of LTM's reduced outage time with the reliability of CHO. Furthermore, event-triggered Layer 1 measurement reporting reduces signaling overhead compared to periodic reporting. Combining CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) measurements with SSB measurements enhances mobility performance.   3. The evolution of NR NTN continues in Release 19, with 3GPP defining new reference satellite payload parameters to account for the reduced equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) density per satellite beam compared to previous releases. To accommodate the reduced EIRP, this release explores downlink coverage improvements. Given the expected large number of user equipment (UE) within satellite coverage, Release 19 also aims to increase uplink capacity by incorporating orthogonal cover codes into the DFT-s-OFDM-based PUSCH. To support MBS within NTNs, 3GPP enhances MBS by defining a signaling mechanism for specifying target service areas. Another major advancement in Release 19 is the introduction of a regenerative payload feature, enabling 5G system functions to be implemented directly on the satellite platform. Unlike the transparent payload supported in previous releases, regenerative payloads allow for more flexible and efficient NTN deployments. Furthermore, NR NTN is evolving to support RedCap user equipment (UE).   4. 5G-Advanced is optimized to better accommodate XR applications, including enabling transmission and reception during gaps or restrictions caused by RRM measurements and RLC acknowledgment modes. Furthermore, Release 19 explores improvements to PDCP and uplink scheduling mechanisms, with a particular focus on integrating latency information. 3GPP is also researching technologies to more efficiently support XR applications, ensuring they meet the diverse and stringent QoS requirements associated with multimodal XR use cases.   5. AI/ML: At the NG-RAN architecture level, 3GPP is leveraging AI/ML to address more use cases in Release 19. One new use case is AI/ML-based network slicing, where AI/ML is used to dynamically optimize resource allocation across different network slices. Another area of ​​focus is coverage and capacity optimization, leveraging AI/ML to dynamically adjust cell and beam coverage, a technique commonly known as cell shaping.   6. Functional Enhancements include: Sidelink: This work focuses on multi-hop UE-to-network sidelink relay for mission-critical communications, particularly in public safety and out-of-coverage scenarios; Network Energy Saving: This includes on-demand SSBs in the SCell for connected mode UEs configured with Carrier Access Control (CA); on-demand SIB1 (System Information Block Type 1) for idle and inactive mode UEs, as well as adjustments to common signal and channel transmissions; Multi-Carrier Enhancement: An enhancement allows for the use of a single DCI to schedule multiple cells with different subcarrier spacing values ​​or carrier types.    

The Public Warning System (PWS) is a communications system operated by government agencies or related organizations for providing public warning information in emergency situations. In 5G (NR) networks, PWS messages are broadcast via 5G (NR) base stations connected to the 5G Core (5GC). The base stations are responsible for scheduling and broadcasting warning messages and using paging to notify user equipment (UE) of the broadcasted warning messages, thereby ensuring rapid dissemination and wide coverage of emergency information. 3GPP defines PWS Restart Indication and PWS Failure Indication in TS 8.413 as follows:   1. The PWS Restart Indication procedure notifies the AMF to reload PWS information for some or all cells of the NG-RAN node from the CBC, if necessary. The Restart Indication procedure uses non-UE-associated signaling; successful operation is shown in Figure 8.9.3.2-1, where:   The NG-RAN node initiates this procedure by sending a PWS Restart Indication message to the AMF. Upon receipt of the PWS Restart Indication message, the AMF shall proceed as defined in TS 23.527. If an emergency area ID is available, the NG-RAN node should also include it in the list of emergency area IDs used for the Restart IE.   2. PWS anomalies primarily occur when PWS notification operations fail (or become invalid) in individual cells within the wireless network. 3GPP defines PWS Failure Indication in TS 38.413 as follows.   The PWS Failure Indication procedure is intended to notify the AMF that an ongoing PWS operation in one or more cells of the NG-RAN node has failed. The procedure is shown in Figure 8.9.4.2-1 below. The PWS Failure Procedure utilizes non-UE-associated signaling. The NG-RAN node initiates this procedure by sending a PWS Failure Indication message to the AMF. Upon receipt of the PWS Failure Indication message, the AMF should proceed as defined in TS 23.041.

1. Mini-Slot Scheduling Mini-Slot transmission in the downlink path mainly involves PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) that carries user data. By scheduling Mini-Slot, the system can quickly transmit data to reduce latency.   2. Scheduling Principle Mini-Slot can be scheduled at any time in a time slot, that is, once the gNB (5G base station) is ready, it will use 2, 4 or 7 OFDM symbols to send data immediately (depending on the data size and required latency). The terminal (UE) side will pay close attention to the specific search area to find the Mini-Slot allocation and decode the data as needed.       In the figure above: the PDSCH on the left is presented in the form of 2 OFDM symbol Mini-Slot in time slot #n. The PDSCH on the right is presented in the form of 4 OFDM symbol Mini-Slot in time slot #1; this highlights how 5G (NR) can adapt to time-sensitive traffic through flexible scheduling.   3. Parameter Sets and Mini-Slot Transmission Mini-Slot operation is closely related to the 5G (NR) parameter set, which defines the subcarrier spacing (SCS) and mini-slot duration. A larger subcarrier spacing reduces the mini-slot duration, further reducing latency. The relationship between these two parameters is as follows:   As shown in the figure above, the capacity of all subcarrier spacings in the frame, subframe, and slot structures of different parameter sets, measured in bits per Hz, is the same. As the parameter set increases, the subcarrier spacing increases, but the number of symbols per unit time also increases. The figure above only illustrates the cases of 15kHz and 30kHz subcarrier spacing, where the number of subcarriers is halved, but the number of slots per symbol per unit time doubles.   The relationship between a typical mini-slot and its duration (2 OFDM symbols) is as follows: μ = 0/15kHz/1ms to 0.14ms μ = 1/30kHz/0.5ms to 0.07ms μ = 2/60kHz/0.25ms to 0.035ms μ = 3/120kHz/0.125ms to 0.018ms   The above equations illustrate how a larger subcarrier spacing (SCS) and shorter slots work together with mini-slot transmission to help achieve the ultra-low latency goals of 5G (NR).