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  Release 18 defines the RF performance of 5G-Advanced bands/devices within the RAN working group. RAN4's main work includes:   I. Band/Device RF (Performance) Characteristics: FR1 < 5MHz dedicated spectrum FRMCS migrated from GSM-R.  Operating Principle: Coexistence with GSM-R's n100 (1900MHz, 3-5MHz bandwidth) specified ACS/SEM; reduced bandwidth and adjusted power levels for narrowband operation; RRM requirements ensure interference to traditional railways is less than 1%.  Progress: European railways lacked NR spectrum during the migration from GSM-R, and the 5MHz minimum bandwidth limitation prevented coexistence. Results: Actual coexistence tests (m28+n100) showed zero interference. II. RedCap Evolution (positioning via frequency hopping PRS/SRS). Operating Principle: The UE with reduced bandwidth (20MHz) uses frequency hopping PRS within a total bandwidth of 100MHz; gNB coordinates the frequency hopping mode; the UE reports the time of arrival (ToA) for each hop, achieving centimeter-level accuracy. Progress: Due to the narrow bandwidth, Rel-17 RedCap positioning accuracy is limited to within 10 meters. Implementation Results: Positioning accuracy for wearable devices/industrial sensors is less than 1 meter. III. NTN, Sidelink & ITS include NTN (above 10 GHz), Sidelink, and ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems) radio frequencies;   Operating Principle: Ka-band (17-31 GHz) NTN radio frequencies require ±50 kHz Doppler tolerance and 1000 ms propagation delay. UE power level 3 and beam compatibility are mandatory. The channel model includes atmospheric attenuation and rain attenuation. Progress: Rel-17 NTN is limited to L/S bands; millimeter-wave satellites are subject to propagation obstruction. Implementation Goal: 30 GHz geostationary orbit (GEO) satellite coverage, suitable for backhaul/Internet of Things (IoT). IV. L1/L2 Mobility, XR KPI RRM includes RRM for L1/L2 mobility and XR KPIs. RRM.   Operating Principle: RRM specifications for L1-RSRP measurement (delay

  In the 3GPP Technical Radio Access Network (TSG RAN) specification group, RAN3 is responsible for the overall architecture of UTRAN, E-UTRAN, and G-RAN, as well as the protocol specifications of related network interfaces. Specific details in R18 are as follows:   I. AI/ML and IAB Mobile Architecture for RAN3   1.1 AI/ML for NG-RAN (Model Deployment, F1/Xn-based Inference)   Working Principle: CU/DU exchange AI model parameters (tensor shape, quantization) via F1AP/XnAP. gNB-DU runs inference locally (beam/CSI prediction) and sends the results to CU. The model is updated with incremental parameters (without requiring complete retraining). Progress: Lack of standardized AI integration; vendors use proprietary silos. Implementation Results: Interoperable AI across multi-vendor RANs has been achieved (verified by Ericsson and Nokia). 1.2 Mobile IAB (Node Migration, RACH-less Handover, NCGI Reconfiguration)    Operating Principle: IAB-MT performs L1/L2 handover to the target parent node; the serving user equipment (UE) performs handover via NCGI (NR cell global ID) reallocation. Work Progress: The target gNB allocates UL timing via XnAP before migration. The topology is advertised in the SIB (mobileIAB-Cell). Implementation Results: Static IAB fails during vehicle movement (events cover vehicles, trains); throughput drops by 60% during topology changes. Seamless backhaul migration maintains 5% UE throughput during 60 mph movement.   1.3 SON/MDT Enhancements (RACH Optimization, NPN Logging).   Operating Principle: MDT logs RACH failures and L1/L2 movement events for specific slices. The SON algorithm automatically adjusts the number of RACH operations based on slice load. NPN (Non-Public Network) logging includes enterprise identifiers and coverage maps. Work Progress: Rel-17 SON cannot recognize slice interactions; enterprise NPN lacks diagnostic data. Implementation Results: RAC optimization improved by 40%, NPN deployment verification was automated. 1.4 QoE Framework (AR/MR/Cloud Gaming, RAN-visible QoE based on data center).   Working Principle: gNB collects XR attitude data, rendering latency, and packet loss rate through QoE measurements (MAC CE/RRC). It reports to OAM/NWDAF via XnAP/NGAP. Dynamic QoS adjustment is performed based on video stuttering events and motion sickness indicators. Progress: RAN is unaware of application QoE; operators are unaware of XR performance degradation. Implementation Results: Video stuttering was reduced by 30% through predictive scheduling. 1.5 Network Slicing (S-NSSAI Alternative, Partially Allowing NSSAI).   Working Principle: Partial NSSAI allows the use of a subset during congestion; S-NSSAI is dynamically replaced by NGAP. Timing Synchronization Status (TSS) is reported every 10 seconds during GNSS outages to achieve gNB clock correction. Progress: NSSAI mismatch caused 20% of slice handover failures; GNSS outages caused 15% timing drift in the FR2 band. Implementation Results: NSSAI consistency reached 99%, and timing accuracy during outages was less than 1μs. 1.6 Timing Resilience (NGAP/XnAP TSS Reporting).   Working Principle: The NGAP and XnA protocols were enhanced with the addition of a Timing Synchronization Status (TSS) reporting mechanism between network nodes to detect and compensate for timing drift or GNSS outages. This ensures that gNBs can dynamically adjust their clocks based on TSS messages to maintain synchronization. Progress: Timing alignment is critical for NR, especially in high-frequency bands and NTN. GNSS outages or network failures can cause timing drift, impacting throughput and mobility. The TSS mechanism improves network resilience by enabling rapid correction, reducing link failures and service degradation caused by timing errors.   II. RAN3 Technology Applications Vehicle-mounted Relays (VMR for event coverage). Enterprise-grade NPN Phase 2 (SNPN Reselection/Handover). Automation (AI/ML SON automatically adjusts coverage).   III. RAN3 Practical Applications CU/DU: F1AP extension for AI model parameters (e.g., input/output tensors); Mobile IAB MT migration is achieved through Xn handover. Application Examples: Mobile IAB-DU reselection broadcasts the mobile IAB-Cell indicator; UEs use SIB-assisted priority ranking, thereby reducing topology change latency by 40%.

  RAN2 is responsible for the radio interface architecture and protocols (such as MAC, RLC, PDCP, SDAP), radio resource control protocol specifications, and radio resource management procedures in the 3GPP Radio Access Network (RAN2) technical specifications. RAN2 is also responsible for developing technical specifications for 3G evolution, 5G (NR), and future radio access technologies.   I. Enhanced L1/L2 Mobility and XR Protocols RAN2 focuses on MAC/RLC/PDCP/RRC protocols to achieve mobility, XR, and power efficiency. Key features include:   1.1 L1/L2-centric inter-cell mobility (dynamic cell handover, L1 beam management). Working Principle: In connected mode, the UE measures L1-RSRP via SSB/CSI-RS with no RRC gap. The gNB triggers CHO (Conditional Handover) based on the L1 threshold; the UE performs handover autonomously; L2 handover is performed via MAC CE (without RRC). Progress: Based on RRC, the handover interruption time is 50-100 milliseconds; the handover failure rate on high-speed railways (500 km/h) is as high as 40%. Implementation Results: Interruption time is less than 5 milliseconds, and the handover success rate reaches 95% at a speed of 350 km/h. 1.2 XR Enhancement (Multi-sensor Data, Dual Connectivity Activation).   Working Principle: RRC configures XR QoS streams and performs attitude/motion reports (sending 6 degrees of freedom data every 5 milliseconds). Conditional PSCell activation activates UE measurement SCG L1-RSRP, triggered by MAC CE, without requiring RRC reconfiguration; multi-sensor tagging distinguishes video/haptic/audio streams. Progress: Rel-17 DC activation interruption exceeding 50 milliseconds leads to XR synchronization interruption; multi-sensor QoS cannot be distinguished. Implementation Results: SCG activation latency is less than 10 milliseconds, and the QoS of each sensor stream is independent (haptic priority). 1.3 Multicast Evolution (MBS in RRC_INACTIVE state, dynamic group management). Operating Principle: gNB configures MBS sessions via RRC; inactive UEs join via group ID, requiring no state transition. Dynamic Handover: Unicast to multicast handover is performed based on a UE count threshold. HARQ combines multicast and unicast reception. Work Progress: Rel-17 MBS requires the RRC_CONNECTED state (IoT device power consumption 70%). Result: Software update saves 70% energy, stadium capacity increases by 90%. 1.4 RRC State Optimization (Small data transmitted through inactive state, slice-aware reselection).   Operating Principle: SIB carries slice-specific RACH events/PRACH masks. UEs in idle/inactive states perform slice-aware reselection (prioritizing the highest priority S-NSSAI). UEs in the RRC_CONNECTED state report allowed NSSAI changes during handover. Work Progress: Rel-17's lack of support for slice-aware access resulted in 25% of URLLC UEs accessing eMBB slices. Results: The initial slice access success rate reached 95%. 1.5 Energy Saving (Extended DRX, Reduced Measurement Interval).   How it Works: Extended DRX allows User Equipment (UE) to extend its sleep time by reducing the frequency of paging and control channel listening. Reducing the measurement interval minimizes data transmission interruptions caused by measurement demands by optimizing or combining the measurement interval with other signaling events. Progress: Due to frequent control channel listening and measurement intervals leading to frequent radio state switching, UEs experience high power consumption. By extending the DRX cycle and reducing the measurement interval, battery life is significantly improved across all device categories, especially for IoT devices requiring long-term operation. II. Areas of Improvement: High-speed rail (achieving L1/L2 handover latency